www.youxs.org(www.youxs.org):
,……,……wherethecroppersystemprevailsandwherethelandlordfurnisheseverythingbutlaborandroutinemanagement.[7]
Similarly,accordingtoanothersurveyconductedbyChing-MohCheninfourprovinces(China,1934),,fertilizers,andbullocks,[8]
Furthermore,giventheproductionfunction,thelandspacerentedtoeachten,thefarmsizepertenantfamilywillbesmallerif(a)thelandismorefertileor(b)theten-antsalternativeearningisloWer.[9]Again,supportingevidenceisstrong:
www.youxs.org(1929through1938),thepricesofpaddyfieldsweremorethantwoandone-halftimesashighasthoseofdryfields,confirmingthatpaddyfieldsweregenerallymorefertile.[10]
www.youxs.org(1929-33),wefind(a),;and(b)oftheseventypesofcropfieldslisted,thesmallestaveragesizeoccursindouble-croppingricefields(www.youxs.org),whicharegenerallymostfertile.[11]
Turningtothetax-equivalentapproachtoanalysisofsharetenancy,andreferringagaintofigure5,wemaywellask:IftheassertedequilibriumatAwerevalid,whatwouldweobserve?Thefollowingisimplied:
www.youxs.org(China,1921—25):
Contrarytotheprevailingopinionthattenantsdonotfarmaswellasowners,aclassificationaccordingtoyieldsbydifferenttypesoftenureshowsnosignificantvariationinyieldsformostlocalities,andforthefewinwhichadifferencedoesoccur,itisinfavorofthetenantorpartownerasoftenasfortheowner……Insomeplaces,even,itisevidentthatthetenantsfarmbetterthantheowners.[12]
Bucksdatashowthefollowingcropindexesperacre:Ownerfarms,100and101;part-ownerfarms,99and101;andtenantfarms,103and104.[13]Thirtyyearslater,makingnoreferencetoBuck,:
UnderdevelopedcountriesintentontechnicalprogressinagricultureshouldrecognizethefactthatmuchofthemostimpressivegaininagriculturalproductivityoccurredinareasoftheUnitedStateswherethedominantformoflandtenureisasharerentalarrangementbetweenlandlordandtenant.[14]
Withrespecttotheintensitiesoffarming,wefindJapanesedata(1932-38),,[15]thigherproportionofpaddyfieldsundertenancy.
www.youxs.org(underthetaxapproach),thatthemarketvalueoflandunde,ations,andthat”thevalueoflandforthethreetypesoftenure(owner,part-owner,andtenant)inmostcasesvariesonlyafewdollars.”[16]Also,withequilibriumatA,wewouldobservethattheactualrentreceivedbythelandownerislowerundersharetenancythanunderafixedrent(rentperacre).AsisshowninAppendixB,however,sharerentisgenerallyslightlyhigherthancroprent.[17]Thisslightdifference,asIshallindicatelater,mightbeexplainedasapaymenttothelandownerforhis”risk”bearingunderasharecontract.
www.youxs.org
(1-r)curveshiftingdownwardinfigure5—w:Tenantfarmswithhigherrentalpercentagesusuallyalsodisplayhigherlabor-landratios.[18]Thisisdueeithertothelandsbeingmorefertileortothetenantsalternativeearningsbeinglower,aconditionimpliedbyourtheoryofsharetenancy.
www.youxs.org,,[19],landownersissuingoneortwohundredleaseswereregardedasmon.[20]